Mammary Gland (Histology)

Nonlactating Mammary Gland

The mammary gland consists of 15–25 separate tubuloalveolar glands in the lobules of the mammary gland, which are separated by connective tissue and adipose tissue. Their alveoli are fully developed only in the course of pregnancy and lactation. Alveoli are rarely present in quiescent glands that do not lactate, especially in nulliparous women. This figure shows the central secretory duct (sinus lactiferi) 1 . Tubuli with blind ends and incompletely developed ducts (ductus lactiferi) branch from it. Note the loose sheath of cellular connective tissue 2 . It is clearly distinguished from the coarse fibrous connective tissue stroma 3 . Quiescent, nonlactating human mammary gland.

Figure 591

Info:

1. Sinus lactiferi
2. Connective tissue sheath
3. Coarse fibrous collagenous connective tissue
Stain: alum hematoxylin-eosin; magnification: × 80

Lactating Mammary Gland
The secretory ducts of the mammary gland start to sprout during pregnancy. Alveoli and lobules form. The connective tissue recedes and the gland parenchyma increases. At the height of lactation (the figure), differently shaped alveoli are found in close proximity of each other. They are separated by delicate connective tissue fibers. The gland epithelium 1 has different heights, dependent on its secretory state. Lactating mammary gland. Secretory products are visible in some of the gland lumina (cf. Fig. 593).

  

Figure 592

Info :

1. Alveoli
2. Connective tissue septa
Stain: azan; magnification: × 80

In the active, lactating mammary gland, the epithelium of the alveoli features a rich ergastoplasm and apical fat droplets. It shows different heights. The usual preparations display round empty spaces 1 where fat droplets have been (cf. Figs. 594, 595). The apical cell membrane may rupture or, in other places, bulge dome-like into the lumen. These attributes are characteristic of apocrine glands (see Fig.133). There are patches with secretory product 2 and occasionally sloughed-off epithelial cells (upper figure). Elaborately branchedmyoepithelial cells 3 form an incomplete layer around the alveolar wall. 

Figure 593

Info :

1. Secretory product in gland cells (vacuoles)
2. Secretory product
3. Myoepithelial cellsStain: alum hematoxylin-eosin; magnification: × 160

The fat droplets of the milk are blackened with osmium tetroxide in this section of a lactating mammary gland. They correspond to the vacuoles, which are seen in Fig. 593. Note that small droplets combine to larger spheres in some places. The gland cells and the connective tissue are stained yellowish brown.

Figure 594

 Stain: osmium tetroxide; magnification: × 160

The lactating mammary gland concomitantly synthesizes several different substances, which are released into the alveoli. During periods of lactation, the secretory cells produce fat droplets (see Fig.594). They combine to larger droplets and are moved to the apical cell region. Finally, they become part of vesicular formations at the plasmalemma (apical protrusions) and are pinched off as milk droplets.
The figure displays two membrane encased fat droplets 1 in the alveolar lumen. The large central, membrane encased fat droplet is still connected to the plasmalemma. It will obviously be pinched off shortly. At the same time, the ergastoplasm 2 of the gland cells in conjunction with the Golgi apparatus biosynthesize proteins, in particular casein and α-lactalbumin and packaged as secretory vesicles. The small casein granules 4 have a dense structure. They are osmiophil and can therefore easily be found. Casein granules fuse with the plasmalemma and are released by exocytosis. Four gland cells with many protein vesicles 4 are visible in this section. The gland cells have an elaborate endoplasmic reticulum 2 (ergastoplasm), Golgi complexes 3 and mitochondria. Sporadically, casein granules are already present in the lumen of the alveoli 5 .

Lactating mammary gland from a guinea pig

Figure 595

Info :

1. Membrane-encased fat droplet
2. Ergastoplasm
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Vacuole with casein granule
5. Casein granule in the alveolar lumen
Electron microscopy; magnification: × 6000

Reference :

Kuehnel, Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy, 4th ed. 2003.

Placenta (Histology)

Vertical section through a mature placenta. It consists of the chorionic plate (membrana chorii) 1 , the branched microvilli and the basal plate (not shown here). The intervillous space 2 with the maternal stream of blood is located between the villi. This micrograph shows the chorionic plate 1 (upper part of the figure), which is covered by a single-layered cuboidal to columnar amnion epithelium 3 (see Fig. 590). Syncytiotrophoblasts cover the chorionic plate at the intervillous space. Many termini of villi 4 and branches of villi underneath the chorionic plate are sectioned. They are covered with syncytiotrophoblasts as well (see Fig.587). Fibrinoid (Langhans) is present between villi and subchorionic tissue. Fibroid material is acidophilic.

Figure 585

Info :

1. Chorionic plate, membrana chorii

2. Intervillous space
3. Amnion epithelium, fetal side of the placenta
4. Placental villi
5. Subchorionic fibrinoid

Stain: alum hematoxylin-eosin; magnification: × 40

Detail of the labyrinth from a human placenta (39 weeks of gestation) with multiple villi (overview). With the exception of a fewsporadic cells, the cytotrophoblast layer has degenerated. Therefore, the villi 1 are only surrounded by the syncytiotrophoblast. Darker proliferation nodes are seen in some places on the surface. The center part of the villi consists of loose chorionic mesodermal tissue and erythrocyte-filled capillaries. There are maternal blood cells in the intervillous space 2 (maternal milieu).

Figure 586

Info :

1. Placental villi
2. Intervillous space
Stain: Masson-Goldner trichrome; magnification: × 65

Cross-section of the chorionic villi from a human placenta in the 4th gestational month. The chorionic villi consist of loosely structured chorionic mesoderm 1 and a cover of ectodermal trophoblasts. Capillaries 2 and rounded, eosinophilic cells with granules or vacuoles (Hofbauer cells) are found in the chorionic mesoderm.Up to the end of the 4th gestational month, the trophoblast covering is two-layered. The inner epithelium with cytotrophoblasts (Langhans layer) 3 clearly shows the borders of the cuboidal cells. The outer layer consists of polynucleated cells with undefined borders. The intervillous space contains sporadic maternal blood cells and fibrin clots (cf. Figs. 585, 586, 588).

Figure 587

Info :

1. Mesenchymal villi stroma
2. Capillaries
3. Cytotrophoblast
4. Syncytiotrophoblast
Stain: azan; magnification: × 210

Reference :

Kuehnel, Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy, 4th ed. 2003.

Continued...